Computerized numerical control (CNC) is the system by which an operator can control the machining work of a tool. The management is carried out through a control panel and a software program. The commands executed from here reach the machine to comply with the established guidelines.
Numerical control is responsible for controlling all the movements of the machine. Among them, not only the cutting and its precision but also the speed, type of movement, etc. This way, much more precise, accurate, and customized results are achieved.
How CNC works
The operation of computerized numerical control is based on positioning over the X, Y, and Z axes. From these three axes, different automatic machining tasks can be performed on a piece. The most common are cutting, drilling, milling, threading, or roughing.
The first task carried out is the design of the piece by computer using the CAD program. CAD software (computer-aided design) is used to create and modify any design. A drawing technique with which to design the different properties in terms of color, layer, style, and material of a piece.
Once the final design is available, the operator goes to the control panel of the machining machine to input the necessary commands for the manufacturing of the piece. The movements that the machine will perform are integrated into the CNC through codes with various determined keys.
The main commands given to the tool are for feed speed, depth, start or stop. However, everything will depend both on the machine being used and the piece and design desired. These commands can also include tool change, positioning, and other directional variables in the movements.
This is why each machine has its own different CNC program. Lathes and milling machines are the most common machining equipment. However, within them, there are various types that perform different tasks with specific parts. Computerized numerical control can vary across all these tools.
Uses and Applications of Computer Numerical Control
CNC machining is now used both in large companies and small workshops, factories, and businesses. Specifically, it is utilized in cabinetmaking and carpentry workshops, for interior design, industrial design, the textile industry, and the manufacturing of all types of metal parts.
The major industrial sectors use CNC machines as essential elements. The aerospace, aeronautical, metallurgical, wind, and automotive sectors, etc., employ these types of machines for the manufacture of all their parts and components. Turbines, propellers, fuselage elements, parts for cars, ships, trains, etc.
CNC technology is also used in the electrical industry, as well as in any industry dedicated to the manufacture or extraction of metal. In reality, any type of industry today requires the use of computerized numerical control.
All companies that perform cutting, carving, drilling, threading, or roughing of parts of any size will use CNC in their processes.
Advantages of Using CNC
Computerized numerical control is a system that has completely revolutionized the industry. Its use provides a series of more than notable advantages to different industrial sectors.
The main advantage is related to the high speed of production. Factories, workshops, and industries that use CNC machining tools have increased their productivity. In fact, there are systems that can work 24 hours a day and at a very high production level to meet market demands and needs.
CNC machining also offers great versatility and flexibility. The different commands executed from the CNC control panel allow the machine to perform various tasks. Thus, a large number of designs can be obtained and operated on pieces of different sizes and shapes.
On the other hand, the use of CNC allows for better finishes on the surface of the piece. The degree of precision and accuracy is maximum. Computerized work ensures that the risk of error is minimal, achieving in turn a better final polish for the manufactured piece. Additionally, the operator only needs to input the data into the CNC control panel for the machine to do all the work. This means that the worker's handling is minimal, greatly reducing the risks of a possible accident. CNC machines are much safer than manual ones.
